The intellectual structure of civic and Pancasila education research: trends, themes, and collaboration patterns in character education studies

  • Istirokhah Istirokhah 
    Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
    Indonesia
  • Zulkipli Lessy
    Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
    Indonesia
  • Muhsin Kalida
    Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
    Indonesia

Abstract

This study examines the development of citizenship education, Pancasila education, and character formation through a Systematic Literature Review using PRISMA 2020 guidelines. From an initial pool of 394 articles, 15 studies published between 2015–2024 met all inclusion criteria and were analyzed through bibliometric mapping and thematic synthesis. The findings show that research collaboration in this field is still dominated by national networks, although international partnerships have increased in recent years. Research trends indicate a shift from conventional moral instruction toward digital citizenship, global value integration, and character empowerment aligned with contemporary societal demands. Thematic analysis reveals dominant focuses on digital ethics, civic identity, learning innovation, cultural negotiation, and the strengthening of reflective and participatory competencies. Overall, this review highlights that citizenship and Pancasila education have transformed into interdisciplinary spaces that support moral development, social responsibility, and adaptive civic skills. The study also identifies conceptual and methodological gaps, offering recommendations for advancing research and enriching educational practice.

Keywords
  • Civic Education
  • Character Education
  • Digital Citizenship
  • Global Citizenship
  • Pancasila Education
Lisensing Information
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References
  1. Adarlo, G. M. (2020). Service-learning as global citizenship education: Acting locally on global challenges. IAFOR Journal of Education, 8(4), 31–47.
  2. Akar, B. (2016). Citizenship education and the challenges of democratic engagement in diverse societies. Journal of Social Science Education, 15(3), 45–58.
  3. Alviar-Martin, T., & Baildon, M. (2016). Problematizing global citizenship education in social studies classrooms. The Social Studies, 107(1), 1–12.
  4. Banks, J. A. (2017). Diversity and citizenship education: Global perspectives. Teachers College Press.
  5. Banks, J. A. (2020). Civic competence in a global age: Rethinking the purposes of citizenship education. Global Education Review, 7(2), 5–18.
  6. Beck, U. (2016). The metamorphosis of the world. Polity Press.
  7. Berger, P. (2018). The many altars of modernity: Toward a paradigm for religion in a pluralist age. De Gruyter.
  8. Berkowitz, M. W., & Bier, M. C. (2015). Research-based character education. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 674(1), 72–85.
  9. Buchholz, B. A., DeHart, J., & Moorman, G. (2020). Digital citizenship during a global pandemic: Moving beyond digital literacy. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 64(1), 11–17.
  10. Chalkiadaki, A. (2018). A systematic literature review of 21st century skills and competencies in primary education. International Journal of Instruction, 11(3), 1–16.
  11. Cohen, J. (2019). Deliberative democracy and civic participation in schools. Citizenship Teaching & Learning, 14(2), 159–176.
  12. Cox, C., Jara Ibarra, C., & Sánchez Bachmann, M. (2022). Citizenship education in Chile: Curricular orientations and teachers’ beliefs. The Curriculum Journal, 33(3), 395–412.
  13. Csordas, T. J. (2014). Transnational transcendence: Essays on religion and globalization. University of California Press.
  14. De Groot, I. (2017). National identity and civic belonging in citizenship education. Citizenship Studies, 21(4), 457–473.
  15. Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age. Stanford University Press.
  16. Gillespie, T. (2014). The relevance of algorithms. In T. Gillespie, P. Boczkowski, & K. Foot (Eds.), Media technologies (pp. 167–194). MIT Press.
  17. González Pérez, M. A. (2018). Negotiating national and cosmopolitan identities in citizenship curricula. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 50(6), 789–804.
  18. Goren, H., & Yemini, M. (2017). Global citizenship education: A systematic review of empirical studies. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 15(5), 623–647.
  19. Greenwood, D. (2009). Culture by the pound: An anthropological perspective on tourism as cultural commodification. In V. L. Smith (Ed.), Hosts and guests revisited: Tourism issues of the 21st century (pp. 123–138). University of Pennsylvania Press.
  20. Hahn, C. L. (2020). Educating democratic citizens in troubled times. Routledge.
  21. Harrison, T. (2024). Virtual reality and character education: Learning opportunities and risks. Journal of Moral Education, 53(2), 219–239.
  22. Harrison, T., & Polizzi, G. (2022). (In)civility and adolescents’ moral decision-making online. Education and Information Technologies, 27(3), 3277–3297.
  23. Heelas, P. (2008). Spiritualities of life: New Age romanticism and consumptive capitalism. Blackwell.
  24. Ho, L., & Barton, K. C. (2016). Cultivating critical global citizens: Challenges for civic education. Theory and Research in Social Education, 44(1), 28–56.
  25. Jackson, L. (2015). Rethinking diversity and intercultural citizenship education. Intercultural Education, 26(4), 245–259.
  26. Kennedy, K. J. (2019). Civic learning in a global context: Evolving frameworks for citizenship education. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 39(1), 1–14.
  27. Kopińska, V. (2020). Global citizenship through interdisciplinary learning: Insights from social sciences. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 15(2), 105–120.
  28. Kristjánsson, K. (2017). Virtues and values in citizenship education: A moral psychology perspective. Journal of Moral Education, 46(1), 12–25.
  29. Liou, D., & Benawa, A. (2020). Teachers as moral agents in multicultural civic education. Journal of Educational Change, 21(4), 523–542.
  30. Lionar, U., Mulyana, A., Sapriya, S., Winarti, M., & others. (2025). Mapping global citizenship education research: A bibliometric analysis using the Scopus database. European Journal of Educational Research, 14(2), 567–584.
  31. Myongue, H., & Liou, D. (2017). Creating collaborative spaces for engaging democratic values in schools. Democracy & Education, 25(2), 1–10.
  32. Osler, A. (2016). Human rights, cosmopolitanism, and citizenship education. Cambridge Journal of Education, 46(1), 1–15.
  33. Quaynor, L. J. (2015). Youth civic identities in transitional societies. Comparative Education Review, 59(3), 382–402.
  34. Reichert, F., Torney-Purta, J., & Knowles, R. (2019). Teachers’ beliefs about the aims of citizenship education: A cross-national comparison. Teaching and Teacher Education, 77, 112–125.
  35. Starkey, H. (2018). Fundamental freedoms and global citizenship education. Journal of International and Comparative Education, 7(2), 63–75.
  36. Striphas, T. (2015). Algorithmic culture. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 18(4–5), 395–412.
  37. Taylor, C. (2007). A secular age. Harvard University Press.
  38. Tse, L. (2022). Participatory learning and democratic character formation in the classroom. Research in Education, 111(1), 62–78.
  39. Wood, M. (2017). Spirituality, modernity, and social change. Routledge.

Downloads

Pdf

Statistic

Abstract Views
: 8 times
Pdf
: 3 times