Sexual violence among college students in East Java: patterns, gender perspectives, and implications for prevention

  • Evi Winingsih 
    Universitas Negeri Surabaya
    Indonesia
  • Mochammad Nursalim
    Universitas Negeri Surabaya
    Indonesia
  • Bakhrudin All Habsy
    Universitas Negeri Surabaya
    Indonesia
  • Nur Amanah Billa
    Universitas Negeri Surabaya
    Indonesia

Abstract

Sexual violence among university students is a critical issue that demands serious attention, especially in the East Java region. This study aims to explore the prevalence, patterns, and gender perspectives of sexual violence while offering recommendations for prevention efforts. Using a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 155 undergraduate students from various universities in East Java, selected through random assignment. A sexual violence instrument measured verbal, physical, sexual, and emotional abuse. Descriptive statistical analysis was employed to examine the data. The findings reveal that 56.8% of respondents reported experiencing sexual violence, while 43.2% did not. Verbal abuse emerged as the most prevalent form of violence (40.6%), followed by emotional abuse (32.9%), unwanted sexual behavior (20.6%), and physical abuse (20%). Gender-based analysis highlighted distinct patterns: female respondents reported higher rates of verbal abuse (43.4%) compared to males (26.9%), whereas male respondents experienced more physical abuse (30.8%) than females (17.8%). The study also suggests potential underreporting and a lack of awareness regarding certain forms of sexual violence. These findings underscore the urgent need for gender education, awareness campaigns, and campus policies that foster safe and inclusive environments. Collaboration among educational institutions, government bodies, and communities is essential to design evidence-based interventions to prevent sexual violence among university students.

Lisensing Information
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References
  1. Against Women, V. (2014). an EU-wide survey. Main Results. Available online: https://fra. europa. eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2014-vaw-survey-main-results-apr14_en. pdf (accessed on 10 March 2021).
  2. Ahmed, M., Hussain, A. A. M., Mowly, R. K., & Tulee, S. H. (2019). Media Coverage of Street Harassment of Women in Bangladesh: A Study on National Dailies. Journal of Media Studies, 33(1).
  3. Aji, L. M., Adamu, N. N., Kefas, V. A., Godwin, A., & Hassan, C. G. (2024). Sexual Harassment. В Recent Topics Related to Human Sexual Practices-Sexual Practices and Sexual Crimes. IntechOpen.
  4. Al-Maharma, D., Safadi, R., Ahmad, M., Halasa, S., Nabolsi, M., & Dohrn, J. (2019). Knowledge, attitudes and practices of syrian refugee mothers towards sexually transmitted infections. International Journal of Women’s Health, 607–615.
  5. Alix, S., Cossette, L., Hébert, M., Cyr, M., & Frappier, J.-Y. (2017). Posttraumatic stress disorder and suicidal ideation among sexually abused adolescent girls: The mediating role of shame. Journal of child sexual abuse, 26(2), 158–174.
  6. Bahri, S. (2007). KONSELING KELUARGA BAGI KLIEN PTSD: PENDEKATAN TERAPI BEHAVIORAL. Mentari: Majalah Ilmiah Universitas Muhammadiyah Aceh, 10(2).
  7. Becker, M. (1999). Patriarchy and inequality: Towards a substantive feminism. U. Chi. Legal F., 21.
  8. Berdahl, J. L., & Raver, J. L. (2011). Sexual harassment.
  9. Berliner, L., & Elliott, D. M. (2002). Sexual abuse of children.
  10. Cantalupo, N. C., & Kidder, W. C. (2018). A systematic look at a serial problem: Sexual harassment of students by university faculty. Utah L. Rev., 671.
  11. Chinkin, C. (2017). Rape and sexual abuse of women in international law. В International Crimes (сс. 227–244). Routledge.
  12. Conte, J. R., & Schuerman, J. R. (1987). The effects of sexual abuse on children: A multidimensional view. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2(4), 380–390.
  13. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
  14. Crosthwaite, J., & Priest, G. (1996). The definition of sexual harassment. Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 74(1), 66–82.
  15. Elnakib, S. (2022). Understanding child marriage dynamics in humanitarian settings in the middle east and south asia.
  16. Fitz-Gibbon, K., Walklate, S., McCulloch, J., & Maher, J. (б. д.). Intimate Partner Violence, Risk and Security.
  17. Hambleton, A. (2019). Gendered desires: Pornography and consumption. В The Routledge Companion to Gender and Japanese Culture (сс. 361–369). Routledge.
  18. Hammerschlag, M. R. (1998). Sexually transmitted diseases in sexually abused children: medical and legal implications. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 74(3), 167–174.
  19. Harper, C. A., & Bartels, R. M. (2017). The influence of implicit theories and offender characteristics on judgements of sexual offenders: A moderated mediation analysis. Journal of sexual aggression, 23(2), 139–150.
  20. Haskell, L., & Randall, M. (2019). The impact of trauma on adult sexual assault victims. Justice Canada.
  21. He, H., Wang, X., Wang, P., & Liu, S. (2024). Association between sexual harassment intervention strategies and the sexual harassment perception and attitude of university students in Beijing, China. Journal of interpersonal violence, 39(1–2), 214–236.
  22. Hedin, L. W. (2000). Physical and sexual abuse against women and children. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 12(5), 349–355.
  23. Jahnke, S., Blagden, N., & Hill, L. (2022). Pedophile, Child Lover, or Minor-Attracted Person? Attitudes Toward Labels Among People Who are Sexually Attracted to Children. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(8), 4125–4139.
  24. Kurniasari, W. Y. fauzia and A. (2016). Pedofilia sebagai ancaman tersembunyi bagi anak. Sosio Inf, 2(3), 314–332.
  25. Larbi, L. (2020). Sexual harassment and employees’ performance at the St. Gregory Hospital. University of Cape Coast.
  26. Levy, P. S., & Lemeshow, S. (2013). Sampling of populations: methods and applications. John Wiley & Sons.
  27. Lohr, S. L. (2021). Sampling: design and analysis. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
  28. Malhotra, A., & Elnakib, S. (2021). Evolution in the evidence base on child marriage. New York: United Nations Population Fund.
  29. Mann, C. J. (2003). Observational research methods. Research design II: cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies. Emergency medicine journal, 20(1), 54–60.
  30. McGregor, K. (2023). Domestic Violence and Abuse in LGBTQ+ Communities. В Gender-Based Violence: A Comprehensive Guide (сс. 473–493). Springer.
  31. McGregor, K. E. (2023). Systemic Silencing: Activism, Memory, and Sexual Violence in Indonesia. University of Wisconsin Pres.
  32. Mertler, C. A., Vannatta, R. A., & LaVenia, K. N. (2021). Advanced and multivariate statistical methods: Practical application and interpretation. Routledge.
  33. Morrisan, M. A. (2012). Metode Penelitian Survei. Kencana.
  34. Muhammad, A., Alawiyah, T., Apriansyah, G., Abdullah, S. R., & Afgani M Win. (2023). Survey Design: Cross Sectional dalam Penelitian Kualitatif. Jurnal Pendidikan Sains Dan Komputer, 3(01), 31–39.
  35. Narindrani, F. (2021). Legal Protection for Minors as Victims of Sexual Harassment in Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian De Jure, 21(4), 525–540.
  36. Newlands, R., & O’Donohue, W. (2016). A critical review of sexual violence prevention on college campuses. Acta Psychopathologica, 2(2), 14.
  37. Noer, K. U., Chadijah, S., & Rudiatin, E. (2021). There is no trustable data: the state and data accuracy of violence against women in Indonesia. Heliyon, 7(12).
  38. Organization, W. H. (2023). UNICEF/WHO low birthweight estimates: levels and trends 2000-2020.
  39. Ouattara, M., Sen, P., & Thomson, M. (1998). Forced marriage, forced sex: the perils of childhood for girls. Gender & Development, 6(3), 27–33.
  40. Perempuan, K. (2020). National commission on violence against women. Komisi Anti Kekerasan terhdap Perempuan. Perbandingan Draft RUU PKS Usulan Komnas Perempuan dan Jaringan Masyarakat sipil dengan Pengaturan Tindak Pidana Lain dalam Peraturan Perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Jakarta.: Komnas Perempuan. Tahun.
  41. Pollock, D., Peters, M. D. J., Khalil, H., McInerney, P., Alexander, L., Tricco, A. C., Evans, C., de Moraes, É. B., Godfrey, C. M., & Pieper, D. (2023). Recommendations for the extraction, analysis, and presentation of results in scoping reviews. JBI evidence synthesis, 21(3), 520–532.
  42. Probosiwi, R., & Bahransyaf, D. (2015). Pedofilia dan kekerasan seksual: Masalah dan perlindungan terhadap anak. Sosio Informa, 1(1).
  43. Rahman, E. Y., & Maulana, A. D. (2024). Addressing Sexual Violence in Islamic Boarding Schools: A Study on Santri Perceptions and Institutional Responses. Journal of Social Knowledge Education (JSKE), 5(3), 113–124.
  44. Ramushweu, K. B. (2023). A legal analysis of remedies for sexual harassment. University of Johannesburg (South Africa).
  45. Retnowulandari, W., Wangga, M. S. E., Notoprayitno, M. I., & Ahmad, N. (2024). The Prevalence Of Child Marriage: Comparitive Study Of Indonesia And Other South Asian States. Jambura Law Review, 6(2), 339–366.
  46. Rumble, L., Febrianto, R. F., Larasati, M. N., Hamilton, C., Mathews, B., & Dunne, M. P. (2020). Childhood sexual violence in Indonesia: a systematic review. Trauma, violence, & abuse, 21(2), 284–299.
  47. SARI, Y., SARAGI, M. P. D., SIHOMBING, F. S., SARI, I., & PANJAITAN, P. R. (2022). Individual Counseling Services to Address the Trauma of Adolescent Victims of Sexual Abuse Through Islamic Therapy. Al-Tazkiah: Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam, 11(2), 85–104.
  48. Stark, E. (2007). Coercive control: How men entrap women in personal life. Oxford University Press.
  49. Theresia, G. N., & Wijaya, V. R. M. (2020). Hubungan kekerasan seksual pada anak dengan post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Hukum Pidana dan Pembangunan Hukum, 3(1).
  50. Towl, G., & Walker, T. (2019). Tackling sexual violence at universities: An international perspective. Routledge.
  51. Wang, X., & Cheng, Z. (2020). Cross-sectional studies: strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations. Chest, 158(1), S65–S71.
  52. Wiederhold, B. K. (2022). Sexual harassment in the metaverse. В Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking (Т. 25, Выпуск 8, сс. 479–480). Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 140 Huguenot Street, 3rd Floor New ….
  53. Williams, M. B., & Poijula, S. (2016). The PTSD workbook: Simple, effective techniques for overcoming traumatic stress symptoms. New Harbinger Publications.
  54. Wismayanti, Y. F. (2020). Understanding Child Sexual Abuse in Indonesia: A Critical Analysis. Doctoral dissertation, School of Human Services and Social Work, Griffith ….
  55. Yang, L., & Xu, Y. (2016). “The love that dare not speak its name”: The fate of Chinese danmei communities in the 2014 anti-porn campaign. В The end of cool Japan (сс. 163–183). Routledge.

Downloads

PDF

Statistic

Abstract Views
: 227 times
PDF
: 134 times